The steamer broke down in heavy Lake Huron seas around 12:30 a.m. the morning of Sept. 26. Trade remained in the hands of the British until 1817, when John Jacob Astors American Fur Company took over south of the Canadian border. Lake Superior Facts. 15. The land contours familiar today were carved by the advance and retreat of the ice sheet. 4. Mike Link I like to say writing about this interesting place taught me how to bring a deeper sense of setting into my novels. Though presently isolated, prehistorically the Caspian has been repeatedly connected to and then isolated from the Mediterranean via the Black Sea. Thanks for contacting us. Thousands of schooners, or sailing ships, and hundreds of steamers hauled cargo and passengers between bustling port cities such as Chicago, Detroit and Cleveland. The regulating structure is known as the Compensating Works and is operated according to a regulation plan known as Plan 1977-A. Marie. If North America Were Drained, Lake Superior Would Become the Third-Lowest Point. Gale force winds up to 35 knots and waves occasionally reaching 7 feet proved too much for two kayakers at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore who swamped in the rough water and died. Rescues continue to be made across eastern Kentucky Monday, four days after a historic flooding event devastated towns across the region and left at least 30 dead. From Kenora, Thunder Bay, Sault Ste Marie and Sudbury, Duluth, Marquette, Houghton, Keweenaw Peninsula, Upper Michigan, Sault Ste Marie, Cook Country, Minnesota. Clear water laps the shore at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. This variation in temperature makes the lake seasonally stratified. If you've got onesend an email to info@algomacountry.com and I'll add it to this list. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote this name as "Gitche Gumee" in the poem The Song of Hiawatha, as did Gordon Lightfoot in his song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald". mi. The people are called Yoopers and many in the Keweenaw area are of Finnish and Welch descent. Wreckage of SSCyprusa 420-foot (130m) ore carrier that sank on October 11, 1907, during a Lake Superior storm in 77 fathoms (460ft or 140m) of waterwas located in August 2007. Lake Superior has many natural harbours, and improvements have created additional ports. Walk to waterfalls. By the early 1600s, the Ojibway people had established a village of several thousand on Madeline Island. Minnesota North Shore However, nitrate concentrations in the lake have been continuously rising for more than a century. As with many lakes, Lake Superior is home to many species of birds, including varieties of hawks, loons, owls and woodpeckers. [14], In the 17th century, the first French explorers approached the great inland sea by way of the Ottawa River and Lake Huron; they referred to their discovery as le lac suprieur (the upper lake, i.e., above Lake Huron). North Wind Books is a favorite of mine. My first Rock Harbor novel had a widow and her search dog trying to find the remains of the small plane that went down with her son and husband. As in all of Barrs books, the reader is totally immersed into the setting. I was privileged to visit the monastery, thanks to a friend, and Id love to go back and talk to the monks again. A high-resolution scan in 2021 provided more details. The name Superior refers to its size and also designates the lake's position as the northernmost of all the Great Lakes. During the Precambrian (between 4.5billion and 540million years ago) magma forcing its way to the surface created the intrusive granites of the Canadian Shield. Because of its volume, Lake Superior has a retention time of 191 years. ), 23. Duluth-Superior, at the western end of Lake Superior, is the most inland point on the Saint Lawrence Seaway and the most inland port in the world. Bounded on the east and north by Ontario (Canada), on the west by Minnesota (U.S.), and on the south by Wisconsin and Michigan (U.S.), it discharges into Lake Huron at its eastern end via the St. Marys River. There have been about 350 shipwrecks recorded in Lake Superiorand Lake Superior is known to never give up her dead. The Lake Superior area is well worthy of interest to novelists! Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. They soon became the dominant Native American nation in the region: they forced out the Sioux and Fox and won a victory against the Iroquois west of Sault Ste. The hills and mountains that border the lake hold moisture and fog, particularly in the fall. For five harrowing days between November 6 th and November 11 th, the massive storm ravaged the region. A local businessman had owned the tug since 1994 and was hoping to convert it into a bed and breakfast. The Essayons, which was built in 1908, sank to the bottom of its slip on Lake Superior on March 24, 2009, according to media reports. The southern shore of Lake Superior between Grand Marais, Michigan, and Whitefish Point is known as the "Graveyard of the Great Lakes;" more ships have been lost around the Whitefish Point area than any other part of Lake Superior. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Right now, latex-gloved students are analyzing . But by 1821, with competition harming the profits of both, the companies merged under the Hudson's Bay Company name. Known as Lake Superior's hometown, Ashland is a small port city in the northern part of the state at the head of Chequamegon Bay. His setting is Sault Ste Marie, known as the Soo. This feature makes the lake dimictic. I was especially intrigued by the lyrics about how the lake doesnt give up its dead, and I had to research to see if it was trueit is. [25] In the summer of 2007 monthly historic lows were set; August at 0.66 feet (0.20m), September at 0.58 feet (0.18m). Edit. Toll Free Central Reservations (US & Canada Only) 1 (800) 780-7234. Lake Superior is a vast fresh water resource that has not experienced the same levels of development, urbanization and pollution as the other Great Lakes. Kids & Family Maritime 2. It has a mean surface elevation of 600 feet (180 metres) above sea level and a maximum depth of 1,332 feet (406 metres). And that lifeboat really connects you to the site and reminds you of how powerful the lakes are and what it must have been like to work on them and lose people on them.. 7. Madison, Wisconsin News Public Safety The vast forests make things like that nearly impossible. Land Drainage Area: 49,300 sq. Climate change is affecting Lake Superior in some volatile ways. In gazing upon its surface, whether stretched out like a vast mirror, reflecting the varying tints of the sky, or ruffled by gently-curling waves, or lashed by the fury of the storm, the beholder is alike impressed with a feeling of the grand and the infinite." We'll leave it up to you as to which is number one! Don't forget to keep Copper Peak in the U.P. The sanctuary area was something of a maritime highway cloverleaf. According to other sources, the full Ojibwe name is Ojibwe Gichigami ("Ojibwe's Great Sea") or Anishinaabe Gichigami ("Anishinaabe's Great Sea"). Around the lake is various water activities as expected. The man was found in the waters off Bay Mills Township following a search by boat of the area; Large cargo vessels called lake freighters, as well as smaller ocean-going freighters, transport these commodities across Lake Superior. The Kamloops is considered an expert dive due to the depths involved; most of the wreck lies below 200 feet. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The 191-foot (58-meter). Even for the Thunder Bay area, a perilous swath of northern Lake Huron off the Michigan coast that has devoured many a ship, the Ironton's fate seems particularly cruel. Freezing of the lakes is monitored because it affects hydropower generation, commercial shipping, the fishing industry and more, according to the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Photo Credit: moron958. 12. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. He was spotted by the boat crew and was brought aboard unresponsive and not breathing. It covers 82,000 sq km (31,700 sqmi)with an average depth of 147 metresor 483 feet. The lake's outlet at St. Marys River has a relatively steep gradient with rapids. Water levels, including diversions of water from the Hudson Bay watershed, are regulated by the International Lake Superior Board of Control, which was established in 1914 by the International Joint Commission. Lake Superior receives water from approximately 200 rivers, of which the largest are the Nipigon (from the north) and the St. Louis (from the west). Lake Superior is among the world's fastest-warming freshwater bodies and has increasingly borne the force of what used to be considered once-in-a-lifetime storms. It took two more years to track down the Ironton several miles away. Official websites use .gov Officials have kept the find secret to prevent divers from disturbing the site before video and photo documentation is finished. In the late 1800s a small gold rush took place on its southern shore in Michigan. 2. Given its expansive surface area that extends 160 miles (257 kilometers) wide and 350 miles (563 kilometers) long, it sure contains a massive volume of water. Even for the Thunder Bay area, a perilous swath of northern Lake Huron off the Michigan coast that has devoured many a ship, the Irontons fate seems particularly cruel. Kakabeka Falls, Ontario The 130-foot cascade of Kakabeka Falls (left) roars a short walk from an off-highway parking lot. It was during the Penokean orogeny, part of the process that created the Great Lakes tectonic zone, that many valuable metals were deposited. On Feb. 23, Kraus was sentenced to 11 years in prison followed by five years of probation at Rockville Superior Court in connection with the collision and Lovett's death. [21] Waves well over 30 feet (9m) have been recorded.[22]. Keep up with the magazine, news and happenings around the Big Lake. Now, the mystery has been solved, officials withThunder Bay National Marine Sanctuaryin Alpena, Michigan, said Wednesday. Real Name: Larry Gene Race Case: Appeal Location: Lake Superior, Minnesota Date: May 11, 1982 Details: Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world. The Ironton and the Moonlight disconnected their tow lines and drifted apart, with the Ironton crew setting sails and firing up its engine. was founded in 1978 by a group of divers, teachers, and educators to commence exploration of historic shipwrecks in eastern Lake Superior . The sanctuary awaits federal and state permits to plant the buoy, anchored by weights of up to 3,000 pounds (1,360 kilograms), on the lake floor. A pasture in Ashland, Wisconsin. The lake's water level fluctuates from month to month, with the highest lake levels in October and November. Its surface temperature has been going up, but with wild fluctuations. The Irontons captain and six sailors clambered into a lifeboat but it was dragged to the bottom before they could detach it from the ship. The Associated Press obtained details of the discovery ahead of the announcement. It has a surface area of 31,700 square miles (82,100 square km) and water volume of 2,900 cubic miles (12,100 cubic km). The maximum wave ever recorded on Lake Superior was 9.45 metresor 31 feet high. St. Louis River Amethyst formed in some of the cavities created by the Midcontinent Rift, and there are several amethyst mines in the Thunder Bay area. I hail from the area around Butte Montana where we call the pastry povitica. The first steamboat to run on the lake was the Independence in 1847, whereas the first steamers on the other Great Lakes began sailing in 1816. Winter Over 10,000 lives have been lost in her waters. Ice Theirfocus isthe entire Lake Superior ecosystem - air, land and water to restore degraded areas and protect this unique headwater lake for the people and wildlife that use it. 16. Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore They picked up the other two Ironton men. ), While the temperature of the surface of Lake Superior varies seasonally, the temperature below 110 fathoms (660ft; 200m) is an almost constant 39F (4C). Edmund Fitzgerald was battered so intensely by Lake Superior that the 729-foot (222m) ship split in half; her two pieces lie approximately 170 feet (52m) apart at a depth of 88 fathoms (530ft or 160m). Thunder Bay It takes almost 200 years for the lake to refill with new water, according to the University of Wisconsin. SIZE, DEPTH, WATERSHED, WATER QUALITY, etc. [38] The people of the Laurel complex (c. 500 BC to AD 500) developed seine net fishing, evidence being found at rivers around Superior such as the Pic and Michipicoten. Creel survey clusters and stations in the 2021 Lake Superior summer creel survey 10 Table 2. The weather was notoriously unstable dense fog, sudden storms. OK, we tried to keep it to just ten facts, but there were so many cool facts about this beautiful body of water we actually listed twenty. Workshops, Charity & Fundraisers And I just shiver at the lyrics about how the lake sings in its ice-room mansion. Sex trafficking of native girls is a known problem up there too, and Krueger delves into that as well. An interesting plot might also include Native American myths such as the Windigo, a vengeful spirit. Sault Ste. By 1921, development in support of transportation and hydroelectric power resulted in gates, locks, power canals and other control structures completely spanning St. Marys rapids. Newspapers quoted William Parry as saying he and two other Ironton sailors bobbed in the heaving lake for about 30 minutes until another steamer, the Charles Hebard, showed up. Business A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Extending through Canada and the United States, about 444,000 US residents and 229,000 Canadian residents live along the shores of Lake Superior. The people of the Terminal Woodland period were evident in the area from AD 900 to 1650. In the summer, the sun sets more than 35 minutes later on the western shore of Lake Superior than at its southeastern edge. [34] These ancient granites can be seen on the North Shore today. More than 200 people have died in swimming and boating accidents on the lake since 1994, adding to its dark history. 04/18/2019 - John Doe, M-64, The U.S. Coast Guard has recovered the body of a missing fisherman in Lake Superior. Pitz. The deaths of four members of a Wisconsin family who died after their kayak capsized off the Apostle Islands was a harsh reminder of the hazards of paddling the unpredictable waters of Lake Superior. Lake Superior has an average underwater visibility of 27 feet (8.2 meters). [18], American limnologist J. Val Klump was the first person to reach the lowest depth of Lake Superior on July 30, 1985, as part of a scientific expedition, which at 122 fathoms 1 foot (733ft or 223m) below sea level is the second-lowest spot in the continental interior of the United States and the third-lowest spot in the interior of the North American continent after Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada (1,503 feet[458m] below sea level) and Iliamna Lake in Alaska (942 feet [287 m] below sea level). The lake is so massive and its volume so large that, were it to be emptied at its current rate (with no compensating additions of water), it would take 191 years. The navigation season is generally about eight months long. Weather Species native to the lake include banded killifish, bloater, brook trout, burbot, cisco, lake sturgeon, lake trout, lake whitefish, longnose sucker, muskellunge, northern pike, pumpkinseed, rock bass, round whitefish, smallmouth bass, walleye, white sucker and yellow perch. 20. Hotel Direct. Biking NY 10036. (Thanks to Jim I.). Lake Superior is the world's largest freshwater lake by surface area - 31,700 square miles (82,100 square kilometers) - and holds 10 percent of the world's surface freshwater. Lake Ontario 2. They used bows and arrows, paddled dugout canoes, fished, hunted, mined copper for tools and weapons, and established trading networks. But Lake Superior's water is cold enough year-round to inhibit bacterial growth, and bodies tend to sink and never resurface. Some 17th-century Jesuit missionaries referred to it as Lac Tracy (for Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy). offers more than just a great physical settingthe people and food are unique and special too. [50], As for other Great Lakes fish, populations have also been affected by the accidental or intentional introduction of foreign species such as the sea lamprey and Eurasian ruffe. (Steve Kuchera / Forum News Service) DULUTH, Minn. When Darby Voeks heard the . Recognizing the unique qualities of this resource, the United States and Canada are working to restore and protect the Lake Superior Basin. In the summer of 1985, Lake Superior reached its highest recorded level at 2.33 feet (0.71m) above datum. We like to pick lake glass every time it storms. A favorite lunch is the ubiquitous pasty. And its surface area is about the same size as South Carolina. Much of the coastal area is sparsely settled. The Coast Guard suspended its search for him. In addition, many fish species have been either intentionally or accidentally introduced to Lake Superior: Atlantic salmon, brown trout, carp, chinook salmon, coho salmon, freshwater drum, pink salmon, rainbow smelt, rainbow trout, round goby, ruffe, sea lamprey and white perch. Each year since 1994, Lake Superior Magazine has chosen an organization or individual to honor for making a significant contribution to the well-being of Lake Superior and its people. Heres how it works. Michigan Because of its large size (relative to watershed area) and the porous "dam" at its outlet, long-term lake-level fluctuations are much lower than in any of the other Great Lakesgenerally less than 1 yard (1 metre). Because of this obsession, it was only natural when I set out to write my first mystery, I turned to the danger and mystery of the Upper Peninsula, specifically the Keweenaw Peninsula area that juts into the lake on the west side of the Upper Peninsula. The Ojibwe name for the lake is gichi-gami (in syllabics: , pronounced gitchi-gami or kitchi-gami in different dialects),[14] meaning "great sea". Lewisville Lake is located 15 minutes north . We are deeply saddened by this SCUBA accident" stated Green. The principal islands in the lake are Isle Royale, a U.S. national park; the Apostle Islands, near the Wisconsin shore; Michipicoten, on the east side; and St. Ignace, near the mouth of the Nipigon River (Canada). Lake Superior has a surface area of 31,820 square miles (82,413 km2), which is approximately the size of South Carolina. Duluth, Minnesota has an average of 52 days of heavy fog each year. $21.95 USD Plus $15.00 USD Shipping Shipwreck Map Economy ~ Shipping Economy ~ Shipping Previous Next Health Health Previous Next Ontario Previous Next Minnesota Minnesota Previous Next Public Safety Crime We hope this discovery helps contribute to an element of closure to the extended families of those lost on the Ironton, and the communities impacted by its loss, Ballard said. They were bound for Marquette, a port city on Lake Superior. The average water temperature is 40 F (4.4 C) lower than the other Great Lakes, which are farther south. Lake Superior Journal The retreat left gravel, sand, clay and boulder deposits. Lake Superior Shipwreck Map - Historically accurate shipwreck posters, of Lake Superior, 24 x 30 inches, shipped rolled in a tube. While the temperature of the surface of Lake Superior varies seasonally, the temperature below 110 fathoms (660 ft; 200 m) is an almost constant 39 F (4 C). [13] It drains into Lake Huron via St. Marys River, then through the lower Great Lakes to the St. Lawrence River and ultimately the Atlantic Ocean. Lake Superior boasts extremely clear water, with an average underwater. Average Depth*: 483 ft. They also sell fresh baked cookies and other treats as well as wonderful coffee they roast themselves. [45] This is because of the unusually cold water, under 36F (2C) on average around 1970. Over 300 streams and rivers empty into Lake Superior with the largest source being the Nipigon River in Ontario. Lake Superior, most northwesterly and largest of the five Great Lakes of North America and one of the worlds largest bodies of fresh water. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Superior-lake-North-America, World Lake Database - Lake Superior, North America, The Canadian Encyclopedia - Lake Superior, Lakepedia - Lake Superior: The Largest Freshwater Lake in the World, Lake Superior - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Lake Superior - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Six of seven crew members died. Magma was injected between layers of sedimentary rock, forming diabase sills. The vessel is largely intact, Gray said. Lidia Yuknavitch on Her Philosophy of Teaching, What Should You Read Next? It veered off course and ran into theOhio, a freighter loaded with 1,000 tons of flour,about 10 miles off Presque Isle, Michigan. The average underwater visibility of Lake Superior is about 8 metresor 27 feet, making it the cleanest and clearest of the Great Lakes. Many towns around the lake are current or former mining areas, or engaged in processing or shipping. It very rarely freezes over completely. The location of the shipwreck was unknown until sport divers located the wreck in 1977. A team of historians, underwater archaeologists and technicians located the wreckage in 2019 and deployed remotely controlled cameras to scan and document it, Superintendent Jeff Gray said in an AP interview. Other principal rivers entering the north shore are the Pigeon, Kaministikwia, Pic, White, and Michipicoten. If trends continue, Lake Superior, which freezes over completely once every 20 years, could routinely be ice-free by 2040[27] although more current data through 2021 does not support this trend. If you stretched the shoreline of Lake Superior out to a straight line, it would be long enough to reach from Duluth, Minnesota to the Bahamas. Outdoors. Those lyrics got across so much of the mystery and danger found in the lake. A person adrift without a life raft stands little chance of survival. The French Jesuit missionary Claude-Jean Allouez circumnavigated and charted the lake in 1667. Park Superintendent Phyllis Green has temporarily closed the Kamloops to diving. [7][8][9] Lake Superior contains 2,900 cubicmiles (12,100km) of water. The principal ports along the lakes south shore are Ashland (Wisconsin), Hancock and Houghton (both on a 25-mile- (40-km-) long canal across the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan), and Marquette. mi. When I look back at Lake Superior water levels since 1918, those 87 months turn out to be the longest stretch where the monthly average water level was above the long-term . The first European to see Lake Superior was probably the French explorer tienne Brl in 1622. Water Quality Monitoring in the Lake Superior, Lake Superior LAMPS and Associated Reports, St. Louis River AOC - Minnesota, Wisconsin, Ecosystem Principles and Objectives, Indicators and Targets for Lake Superior, Great Lakes Restoration InitiativeGrants, Lake Superior Aquatic Invasive Species Complete Prevention Plan, Lake Superior Climate Change Impacts Report, Lake Superior Critical Chemical Reduction Reports, Lake Superior Strategic Outcomes and Ecosystem Goals, Lake Superior Binational Monitoring Workshop, Retention time = 191 years (a measure based on the volume of water in the lake and the mean rate of outflow). Since 2000, 156 people have died on state lakes. But apart from its wide surface area, Lake Superior also boasts a wowing depth of 1,332 feet or 406 meters. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). When launched on June 8, 1958, the Fitzgerald was the largest ship on North America's Great Lakes, and is the largest ship to have sunk there. Glacial meltwaters gathered in the Superior basin creating Lake Minong, a precursor to Lake Superior. Blog Post Lake Superior is not only the largest of the Great Lakes; it is the largest body of fresh water on Earth. Please click here to see any active alerts. Lake Superior Daniel Greysolon, sieur (lord) DuLhut (or Du Luth), opened the lake to active trading in 1679. Lake Superior was featured in a songwritten by Gordon Lightfoot called "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald. This year's drownings on the Great Lakes are ahead of last year at this time, with Lake Michigan again having the most drownings. [25] 2019 and 2020 set new high-water records in nearly every month. Weather extremes fueled by. Ice covers rocks on Lake Superior. The Trans-Superior International Yacht Race is the world's longest freshwater sailboat race. All 29 crew members died, and no bodies were recovered. Its been named one of the 100 most charming small towns in America for good reason. The lyrics of The Wreck of Edmund Fitzgerald grabbed hold of my imagination in my twenties and never let go. Heather is a staff writer at Algoma Country. Lake Superior is. Waterfalls surround Lake Superior like a spectacular liquid halo. All rights reserved. [19] It is also a reflection of relatively small human population and small amount of agriculture in its watershed. Of that toll, November claimed an estimated 725 (56%) of the deaths. Lake Superior reaches depths up to 406 m or 1,333 ft. [23] Water levels recovered within a few days. 109 W. Superior St. #200 Duluth, MN 55802 218-722-5002 edit@LakeSuperior.com. Researchers announced last Wednesday the discovery of the Nucleus, a surprisingly intact shipwreck found 40 miles off the coast of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The Lake Superior Mine Fatalities (This project is intended to hold profiles of all the mining deaths that occurred in the Lake Superior District.). [28], Warmer temperatures could lead to more snow in the lake effect snow belts along the shores of the lake, especially in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. No large rivers enter the lake from the south; the middle-sized Sturgeon and Tahquamenon rivers are the main south-shore tributaries. And you have to be wary of hitting moose on the road. French explorers, including Samuel de Champlain (circa 1567-1635) and his scout, tienne Brl (circa 1592-1632), arrived in the mid-1600s, according to the Canadian Museum of History. Frederick Stonehouse Isle Royale contains several lakes, some of which also contain islands. Most of Lake Superior shipwrecks This large lake has a hop on hop off bus service which goes around the whole lake the cost is 5 euros. Deadliest lakes in Texas Recently released state figures ranked Texas' deadliest lakes. Archaeologists study things to learn about the past. Shipping was slow to arrive at Lake Superior in the 19th century. Lake Superior Regional News ~ Northwestern and Northeastern Ontario. The 191-foot (58-meter) cargo vessel collided with a grain hauler on a blustery night in September 1894, sinking both. His descriptions of the great ships going through the locks fire the imagination, and I have to have a blanket when reading his novels because his descriptions of the cold plunge my body temperature! (Image credit: ). Frequency of clerk visits and number of activity counts and interviews, by day type, cluster, shore area, and total area, for each cluster and day type in the 2021 Lake Superior summer creel survey. A 9- foot-high bronze statue honors Terry Fox, the one-legged runner who was crossing Canada in 1980 to raise cancer research funds when his own cancer . [25], Historic low water Around the Circle This Week And of the 12 largest ships to sink on the Great Lakes . The tragedy was memorialized by Gordon Lightfoot's classic folk song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald.". It may relate to anthropogenic alternations to the regional nitrogen cycle, but researchers are still unsure of the causes of this change to the lake's ecology. The increase in the lake's surface temperature may be related to the decreasing ice cover. Underwater visibility in some spots reaches 30 meters. 2. After the arrival of Europeans, the Anishinaabe made themselves middle-men between the French fur traders and other Native peoples. I once had my protagonist hiding from the killer in an ice cave, but the ice break starts before she can get out. [26] Summer surface temperatures in the lake appeared to have increased by about 4.5F (2.5C) between 1979 and 2007, compared with an approximately 2.7F (1.5C) increase in the surrounding average air temperature. 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