Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). B. Webster, eds. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). Kinship Terminology. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of before. The council's representatives could mediate issues between clans, and essentially covered both civil and criminal functions, like a Supreme Court. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). "Acholi Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land p. 41). (1976). occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. Identification. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. Congo. Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion When conflict did This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. The main point of contact The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). Malandra, Alfred (1939). to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his Political Organization. Figure 5. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. Political Organization. In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. . and created larger political M.A. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. Rwot, 'ruler'). The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." As some of these languages show some form Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. 61). colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. London: James Currey. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages 20- The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. find its conclusion until the 19th century. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. named Luo. However, this number is most likely considerably The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; B.A. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. This cookie is set by Youtube. Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes. solidification of an Acholi identity, with their common language becoming an important marker. Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of the conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government. Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. Political Organization. The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned Certain rwodi and Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. Given the low population densities and minimal land pressure, almost anyone who was willing to clear and work unused land has been welcomed by lineage heads responsible for such land and, while they functioned, by the rwodi of chiefdoms within whose domains the land lay. against the central government. and tributes paid to them. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. Social Control. (1988). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . The Acholi region is bordered in the west by the districts From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. However, the date of retrieval is often important. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Marriage. [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) Okot p'Bitek (1971). The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. The Acholi region and language 51. All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and Industrial Arts. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. element of the social and political environment of the region. Identification. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. This belief underlies the customary land tenure rule that prohibits women from having rights to land independent of their relationship with their father or husband. Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. Encyclopedia.com. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the Relatively small numbers of Acholi have filled middle-level or senior civil-service positions in independent Uganda. During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive This disorder in Acholi contrasts sharply with the solid organisation of Buganda, which always has a centralized, well-thought out and weighted responses to critical issues such as land and political contention that affect the kingdom. All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." Aristotle wrote that politics stems . Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards with the British was through Samuel Baker. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the (1936). Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, Encyclopedia.com. Uma, F. K. (1971). One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. L. No. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. At its peak in 2005 over Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. Trade. London: James Currey. The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. Shilluk Acholi )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Socialization. NRA in 1986. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. In . Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. 3 vols. NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. "Acholi-Arab Nubian Relations in the Nineteenth Century." Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this Organizational Politics. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Orientation connected and intertwined chiefdoms. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Dholuo passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. This term then many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland".

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