D 67, Isomers of the ester HCOOCH2CH2CH3, include NH. and transmitted securely. In this process, the triglyceride is treated with a base, such as sodium hydroxide, and the products obtained are soap and glycerol. Bookshelf 2004 Feb;286(2):E217-25. government site. If such preheating is utilized, it is generally preferable not to heat the fat above 220 C., and preferably approximately to 200 C. The molten fat thus can be pumped through the preheater and fed to the reactor through the pipe 17 at a continuous and controlled rate so that it is introduced into the reactor 11 in a liquid phase. stream By creating this turbulence in the liquid phase, a great improvement occurs in the mass transfer rates which makes a correspondingly great improvement in the hydrolysis rate. In this study, obtaining a sweet lupine protein concentrate (SLPC) hydrolysate with a high degree of hydrolysis (DH . Series, 57, No. (2 marks), anhydride less easily hydrolysed or reaction less violent/exothermic no (corrosive) (HCl) fumes formed or safer or less toxic/ dangerous expense of acid chloride or anhydride cheaper, An ester contains a benzene ring. For omega 3 production from enzymatic hydrolysis, the best substrate was flaxseed oil, on which the enzyme converted 50% of the substrate into -linolenic acid. However, if desired, an aqueous liquid phase can be utilized in conjunction with a gas phase other than steam such as nitrogen. Publication Publication Date Title. For example, my process and apparatus can be utilized for 4the stripping and deodorization of animal and vegetable oils. 1: Lipid Digestion. In 1813, Michel Eugene Chevreul, a French lipid chemist, In chemistry, acid hydrolysis is a process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the cleavage of a chemical bond via a nucleophile substitution reaction, with the addition of the elements of water (H2 O). A police car is chasing a speeding Porsche 911. /F2 12 0 R The amount of base that is needed for the saponification of a sample of fat is called saponification value. For example, the enzyme pepsin hydrolyzes peptide bonds in proteins. How can I check before my flight that the cloud separation requirements in VFR flight rules are met? Another object of the invention is to provide apparatus of the above character which is relatively simple and which can be constructed relatively economically. A single pass run was carried out in accordance with Example No. Synthetic antioxidants include butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), TBHQ, propyl gallate and ethoxyquin. Saponification is the process of hydrolysis of fats in the presence of a base. But how to compare between the leftmost and rightmost compound's rates? The steam phase was discharged to a second cyclone to recover the fatty acids and glycerine. 4. If the unsaturated fat contains multiple double bonds, then it is known as polyunsaturated fat. A 11 The experiments of hydrolysis reaction. In healthy individuals, insulin promotes the storage of glucose a simple sugar you get from food in the. The residence time per pass for the fat was from 10 to 30 seconds and the residence time for the steam was from Mi to 1 second. Fat oxidation rates increase from low to moderate intensities and then decrease when the intensity becomes high. At room temperature, they exist as solids. Is the SN1 reaction faster with an axial or equatorial leaving group? A continuous ow of steam at a controlled rate is supplied through a pipe 1S to the T i6 and the reactor lil. Fats are composed of triglycerides. `.l$e=!l$ qSE!7J5X z'izT)va6L&E3yc20n3[*fo9L'CI]`T\4p>AOIj!cJxSy)[F3oRe4F#z@4s. As blood sugar levels rise, the pancreas produces insulin, a hormone that prompts cells to absorb blood sugar for energy or storage. 1. ?c72OBa When only steam is utilized as the gas phase, the water required is removed from the steam and the glycerine as Well as some or all of the fatty acids are vaporized and commingle with the steam. (2) 6 +3H22: (b) Other than by cooling, suggest one method that would decrease the rate of hydrolysis of fats. fats, oils or starch is unrecognizable in both fraction and extract. As pointed out in this article, twophase heat transfer coefficients can be quantitatively expressed in terms of three regions which are termed strati- `fied, slug and annular roughly in order of increasing proportions of gas to liquid. -If you had trouble with this question, review the following material: Proteins are a macromolecule constructed from amino acids linked in unbranched polymers. B 70 Comparatively speaking, the steam can be superheated to the desired temperature with a relatively small amount of heat. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Over time, the Rancimat method has become established, and it has been accepted into a number of national and international standards, for example AOCS Cd 12b-92 and ISO 6886. stream If both of the streams are traveling upwardly, the gas velocity would normally move as fast or faster than the liquid. 4 0 obj The mass transfer which occurs in my process, as explained above, causes hydrolysis to occur even though the steam and the fat are inherently immiscible. In. /Filter /LZWDecode On the basis of the general solubility rules given in Table 7.1, predict whether zinc chloride is likely to be soluble in water. endobj Solubilization rate of cassava pulp increased with increasing temperature of microwave heating treatment and . The reactor was operated at atmospheric pressure. The omega end of the chain defines the number of carbon atoms that are present in the chain. This method can be considered as the industrial method for the preparation of glycerol. Epub 2004 Aug 17. vfatty acids and glycerines probably will be `formed in a liquid phase and, therefore, must be separated from the residue. The hydrogen used in this method is obtained from the electrolysis of water. endstream The percentage yield of ester present was The excess steam was condensed in an efuent condenser. A protein extract containing a plant lipase from oleaginous seeds of Pachira aquatica was tested using soybean oil, wastewater from a poultry processing plant, and beef fat particles as substrate. Studies show that moderate alcohol consumption can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. The cusp point of the oxidation curve (the point where a rapid rise in the conductivity starts) gives the induction time of the rancidification reaction,[15] and can be taken as an indication of the oxidative stability of the sample. >> Fats are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water. When such is the case, the steam can be preheated in a suitable device such as by passing the steam through a coil which is immersed in hot oil. Lambert EV, Hawley JA, Goedecke J, Noakes TD, Dennis SC. This fat mixture was pumped at the -rate of grams per minute into a preheat section and heated to 200 C. and then metered into the reactor. I need to compare the rates of hydrolysis of these three compounds. In this process, the triglyceride is treated with a base, such as sodium hydroxide, and the products obtained are soap and glycerol. 210,781 6 Claims. microwave assisted hydrolysis was still lower than those produced from other methods, such as acid hydrolysis (36.40 . To study the effect on hydrolysis of diluting the fats with solvents. The water molecule acts as a nucleophile in this reaction. Propanal is formed as an intermediate during this oxidation. The rate at which you have to add the acid is a measure of the rate of hydrolysis of urea. There are four basic phases of anaerobic digestion, which is a synergistic process using anaerobic microorganisms: 1) hydrolysis, 2) acidogenesis, 3) acetogenesis, and 4) methanogenesis. /F3 15 0 R Possible Investigations Investigate the effect of changing the concentra tion of the enzyme on the rate of the reaction. This process gives glycerine-water effluent and fat effluent streams. \p+*s]_v;(d^/h)7m$JpSqjEI)3PM4r+{teTUn Also, amyl alcohol could be produced by hydrolyzing amyl chloride in an alkali system. There is a relationship between the mass transfer rates and the rate of ow of the liquid and the gas phases in the reactor. D (iv) alone, Products from the acid hydrolysis of the ester CH3CH2COOCH2CH3 include Thus, a number of oxidation reactions could easily be carried out with any process and apparatus under conditions of extreme turbulence within the reactor which is characteristic of my invention. The hydrolysis of urea results in the formation of two moles of ammonia and one of carbon dioxide, causing the pH of the mixture to rise as the reaction proceeds. Thus, it can be seen that the introduction of the gaseous phase along with the liquid phase into the reactor serves two important functions, one of which is to create turbulence Within the liquid phase, and the other of which is to greatly increase the interfacial area for reaction between the gas phase and the liquid phase. Diabetes type 2 is an alarming global health concern. The process comprises maintaining a lower liquid phase of fats and an upper liquid phase which comprises water. /Type /Page Examined the influence of cooking method on textural changes and acid uptake of sweet. This single phase is used in present commercial practice. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted However, again, the ow conditions should be such that the flow in the annular region is nearer the slug region because the drop dispersions are the least stable in this area with a consequent high frequency of coagulations and redispersions. Contains hydrogen bonding; >> cost limits are high catalyst iron-iron oxide fused with MgO, Al2O3, SiO increases rate of reaction ;ucC=(}y@ZuI_P&~j8E|y5= The mass spectrum of this ester shows a molecular ion peak at m/z = 136. These ow conditions are determined primarily by the actual liquid velocity relative to the reactor wall. Although I have described my process and -apparatus primarily in conjunction with the hydrolysis of fats and oils, my process and apparatus has applications to other hydrolytic processes. "&"DXh6f8Ie9 &s:*o6Nff 'M;u1 5`cJ(sJ$il The effect of glass transition on fat hydrolysis rate in solid as affected . If the fat does not contain any double bonds, then it is saturated. The distillation unit 23 can be operated at the temperature of the vapors which are supplied to it. A simple blood test can reveal whether your triglycerides fall into a healthy range: Normal Less than 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or less than 1.7 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) Borderline high 150 to 199 mg/dL (1.8 to 2.2 mmol/L) High 200 to 499 mg/dL (2.3 to 5.6 mmol/L) Also, the concentration of glycerine is relatively high. It is one of the healthy fats, along with polyunsaturated fat. The liquid fat phase is maintained at a temperature ranging from 150 to 350 C. so that the reaction, eg., hydrolysis, occurs at a very rapid rate. How To Decrease Butt Fat By Exercise Reduce Butt Fat For Men And Women At Home INSTAGRAM:- https://www.instagram.com/thefitnessidea Enjoy 1 week of live TV on us Stream more, watch easier,. In processed meats, these flavors are collectively known as warmed-over flavor. Although I have stressed the use of my process and apparatus for hydrolytic processes, both can be used for volatilization. J~q(R2~^*Vw 0XWG jm nQ?|Q=m,-Eq\i>.1+a (a) Complete the right-hand side of the equation below to show how hydrolysis affects the molecule of fat shown. Explanation propanoic acid; Fat Oxidation during Exercise in People with Spinal Cord Injury, and Protocols Used: A Systematic Review. The interrelationship between physical activity intensity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and executive function in middle-aged adults: An observational study of office workers. [1], When these processes occur in food, undesirable odors and flavors can result. 4. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Further he showed that hydrolysis of the triglycerides, which accounted for 66% of the lipid COD, was essentially complete at values of Oc less . The reactor was maintained at a temperature ranging from 200 to 280 C. The effluent was discharged into a fat recovery cyclone. It is the hydrolysis of fats or oils under basic conditions to get the glycerol and the salt of the corresponding fatty acid. For example, as shown in FIGURES l and 2, it can be in the form of steam which is introduced at a continuous and controlled rate through the pipe 18 and into the reactor 10. Because the process takes place through a chain reaction, the oxidation reaction has a period when it is relatively slow, before it suddenly speeds up. You can maintain the pH at a constant value by adding acid. 08#9S8wX9~QLKX,N&hz_^7h1GZO>A D4h, sYmCFh8ddw% ^&Rx.LM) MathJax reference. Hydrolysis reaction Figure 4 showed that the amount of free fatty acids (ffa) generated from enzymatic fat hydrolysis reaction was increasing with higher level of moisture content. Fat hydrolysis may yield monosaccharide and glycerol? State what you would observe when propanoic acid reacts with this reagent. This method can be considered as the industrial method for the preparation of glycerol. Although Terylene is biodegradable, it is preferable to recycle objects made from Terylene. B (i) and (iii) only Epub 2023 Feb 1. They are also reactions and volatilizations which involve two or more phases and in which one of the phases is a gas phase. C (ii) and (iv) only 2022 Nov 9;10:1035521. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1035521. Check labels on food to see what type of fat it has in it. If desired, as pointed out previously, the steam can be preheated to a superheated temperature before introduction into the reactor. This is particularly advantageous in that it eliminates the great amount of heat which is required for converting Water back into steam. Mostly, unsaturated fats are present in cis form. energy by creating an alternate path Energy of the product DOES NOT change Enzymes alter the rate of product formation butnot the free energy change (delta G)of a process (the chemical equilibrium is not changed). What is the purpose of this D-shaped ring at the base of the tongue on my hiking boots? When the fatty acids and glycerine are formed in the vapor phase as pointed out above, the reactor is normally being operated at a temperature which is substantially above the liquifying temperature of steam and, therefore, the fatty acids and glycerine are essentially quite dry. The reactor is continuously heated to continuously supply heat to the liquid and gas phases as indicated in step 31 in FIGURE 2 to maintain the liquid and gas phases at a temperature ranging from 150 to 350 C. so that hydrolysis will occur as indicated in step 32. >> control, except at 150 and 180 min. 1 0 obj % (Don't suck in your stomach !) Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. In Dungeon World, is the Bard's Arcane Art subject to the same failure outcomes as other spells? With a single pass through the reactor, the hydrolysis was l5 percent `of `the possible hydrolysis which theoretically could occur. Lipase Little Laptop - UCL - London's Global University This high degree of hydrolysis was greater by more than ten times that which should have been obtained in accordance with results calculated from rate constants in the literature. When the reactor is operated at a pressure which is near or greater than approximately p.s.i. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. My process and apparatus also should be usable for the oxidation of hydrocarbons. 5. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. However, if methanol is added, the alkali is soluble in methanol and the tetrachlorobenzene is soluble in methanol to provide a single phase. Spoilage of fats & oils into foul-smelling substances, Please expand the article to include this information. Epub 2003 Oct 14. Some comparison with other compounds explaining that the intermolecular forces are stronger in propanoic acid; Give one advantage of the use of propanoyl chloride instead of propanoic acid in the laboratory preparation of methyl propanoate from methanol. B 20 The stratified type of flow can be characterized by the liquid and gas phases moving as continuous layers through the reactor with and without surface wave motion. In an experiment, 2.04 g of the ester was used and 0.90 g of ethanoic acid was produced. CO2 H2O produced/given off/formed which are greenhouse gases 7 0 obj The hydrolysis index was calculated as the area under the curve (AUC) for hydrolysis (0-180 min), with the product as a percentage of the corresponding AUC with refined wheat bread. Food Hygiene, including Rancidity", "Oxidation of Marine Omega-3 Supplements and Human Health", "Dietary advanced lipid oxidation endproducts are risk factors to human health", "Potential health lmplications of the consumption of thermally-oxidized cooking oils a review", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rancidification&oldid=1139596394, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles to be expanded from November 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 22:58. It is also apparent that my invention provides a new environment of extreme turbulence as a new, unique, low cost method and process for carrying out many chemical reactions. Take the speed of sound in air to be 340 m/s. Front Public Health. Symp. Another object of the invention is to provide a process and apparatus of the above character in which rapid mass transfer in all phases is utilized. C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1.C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1, [Zn+2].CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC([O-])=O, ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES, FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM, Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids, Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids from fats or fatty oils, Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids from fats or fatty oils by hydrolysis, Crystallization of a fatty component from a feed by the steps of emulsification with a surfactant, cooling by vacuum evaporation and subsequent conventional separation, System and process for production of fatty acids and wax alternatives from triglycerides, Apparatus and method for hydrolyzing biological material, Device for the hydrogenation of vegetable or animal oils or fats, fatty acids, or the like, Continuous countercurrent hydrolysis of fat, Process of splitting glycerides and recovering glycerin, Production of glycerin and distilled fatty acids, Process for contacting solid and liquid phases, Process for production of fatty acids and wax alternatives from triglycerides, Process for the production of dicarboxylic acids, Process for obtaining an organic acid from an organic acid ammonium salt, an organic acid amide, or an alkylamine organic acid complex, Process for hydrolyzing lower aliphatic esters and separation of resulting products, Process for the recovery of high purity diesters of terephthalic or isophthalic acids, Process for the manufacture of vinyl chloride from contaminated 1,2-dichloroethane, Recovery of acrylic acid and/or ethyl acrylate from black acid, Cleavage of diacrylic acid to form acrylic acid, Process for the production of organic esters, Method for producing fatty acid ester and production apparatus, Method and apparatus for recovering caprolactam, Process for producing butanediol or butenediol, Process of preparing purified organic sulphonates, Continuous process for producing adiponitrile, Brassylic acid from ozonolysis of erucic acid, Continuous manufacture of allyl diglycol carbonate. What's considered normal? Refined: The copra is machine-pressed to release the oil. [2], Rancidification can also detract from the nutritional value of food, as some vitamins are sensitive to oxidation. The enzyme had the best stability at pH 9.0 and showed good stability in the . US3428660A 1969-02-18 Process for recovering fatty acids and triglyceride oil from soapstock. You can still have foods that contain a healthier type of fat called unsaturated fat. Definition. /ProcSet 2 0 R The introduction of this steam perturbs the liquid phase in the manner described above. A continuous flow of fat at a controlled rate is supplied through a pipe 17 to the T 16 and to the reactor 10. Water acts as co-substrate in a enzymatic fat hydrolysis reaction. I would expect there to be some degree of neighbouring group participation by the SPh (forming a sulfonium ion, followed by water attacking) This can only happen in the. Because of this substantially reduced heat requirement, the cost of performing the process and operating the apparatus is greatly reduced. When steam is used as the `gas phase as explained above, an aqueous liquid phase is unnecessary. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. endobj potatoes during in vitro digestion . The time for this to happen is called the "induction time", and it is repeatable under identical conditions (temperature, air flow, etc.). They (antioxidants) react with free radicals; Salicylic acid, C6H4(OH)COOH, reacts with magnesium to produce magnesium salicylate and hydrogen. Although a relatively large range of ow conditions can be utilized in my process in my apparatus, I have found that the liquid phase can have a linear velocity ranging from l01 to 105 feet per hour and that the gaseous phase can have alinear velocity of 103 to 106 feet per hour while still achieving flow in the slug or annular regions. rate observed in lung cytosol (Patel et al., 1980). /Parent 5 0 R 8 0 obj By comparison of Examples II and III, it'can be seen that the hydrolysis can be carried out with a great excess of steam. It affects millions of people worldwide, and the number of diabetes patients is increasing at an alarming rate. The important feature of my invention is that hydrolysis will take place at atmospheric pressure and in the absence of a condensed water phase. by favouring the formation of fewer gas molecules ie formation of NH3(g) high pressure favours high rate and equilibrium yield. Carbon produced/given off/formed causes global dimming, Draw the repeating unit of the polyester Terylene that is made from benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and ethane-1,2-diol. In the latter process, the triglyceride undergoes hydrolysis to form glycerol and carboxylic acid. Its rate is unaffected by temperature in the range of 26-46 C. Olive oil is more rapidly hydrolyzed compared to tallow and coconut oil. (iii) butanoic acid One recognized commercial rprocess requires pressures of approximately 800 p.s.i., a temperature .of 300 C. and a two hour residence time in a counter-current reactor tower in order to carry out the hydrolysis reaction. US2221799A 1940-11-19 Saponification of fats and oils. A 44 - orthocresol Sep 22, 2016 at 3:01 Under "standard" conditions (i.e. L. N. and White, K. L. 2000. A Human Model of the Effects of an Instant Sheer Weight Loss on Cardiopulmonary Parameters during a Treadmill Run. They catalyze the hydrolysis of a bond. With the horizontal orientation pointed out above, the gas velocity would Vbe as fast or faster than the liquid velocity. Examples of fats are cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides. For example, tetrachlorophenol-1,2,4,5, which is insoluble in water, could be reacted by itself or with a little methanol in a methanolic caustic solution under pressure. J Sports Sci. A process as in claim 1 wherein the gas phase is steam and wherein the contacting of the steam with the liquid phase takes place at substantially atmospheric pressure, the quantity of steam being substantially greater than that required stoichiometrically for hydrolysis so that at least one of the products of hydrolysis are volatilized in the vapor phase. He demonstrated that the hpid fraction of the raw sewage sludge accounted for approximately 50% of the biodegradable COD of the sludge. Sodium chloride is added for the precipitation of soaps. LCFA oxidation rate was modelled using a Monod-type equation. fatty acids . measurement? Fat metabolism during exercise: a review--part II: regulation of metabolism and the effects of training. The hydrolysis of fats using sodium hydroxide is known as saponification. #I*6:dOi"&Eh 9 0fpvPl\vd2eJLJ{meNe\BY f.HT07{q+W;S}m The glycerine and the fatty acids are separated from the steam in the recovery unit 23 as indicated and the steam is recirculated through a pipe 24 into the reactor 10. as pointed out by - @orthocresol in the comments to the orginal question. East Lansing, MI, USA. ", "Scientific Opinion on Fish Oil for Human Consumption. A massive amount of crustaceans and bivalves are consumed each year, leading to millions of tons of processing side streams from the seafood industry. 4 0 obj As the speed of the liquid phase is increased, turbulence begins to develop in the liquid phase and becomes increasingly great as the speed increases. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Effects of acute and chronic exercise on fat metabolism. Also, as can be seen from the above, such processes require relatively long residence times which limits the production from the apparatus. Maximal rates of fat oxidation have been shown to be reached at intensities between 59% and 64% of maximum oxygen consumption in trained individuals and between 47% and 52% of maximum oxygen consumption in a large sample of the general population. The fatty acids are solidied and removed. Enzymes help disassemble big molecules such as carbs, proteins, and fats into smaller ones that are easily absorbed into the bloodstream. 44 i.e. Plan an experiment to hydrolyse an oil and measure the rate of hydrolysis. Fats provide insulation for various organs of the body, provide energy and transport vitamins that are soluble in fats. equilibrium system opposes higher pressure. Equation propyl methanoate; Identify those arcade games from a 1983 Brazilian music video, Linear Algebra - Linear transformation question. (1966) predicted rapid hydrolysis in the acidic pH of the . The hydrolysis of tallow, coconut oil and olive oil, by lipase from Candida rugosa, was studied. 3. /Filter /LZWDecode endobj An attack by $\ce{H2O}$ on the least hindered carbon of the three member ring occurs. Additional objects and features of the invention will appear from the following description in which the preferred embodiments are set forth in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawing. The only issue is that the trans-diaxial conformation will be less populated, which. (v) CH3CH2CH2OH They are derived from glycerol and fatty acids, especially triglycerides. 11 0 obj How does acid hydrolysis of a triglyceride work? 2 0 obj Thus, processes which are more dependent upon interfacial areas are preferably operated in the annular region. Rates of hydrolysis in bicyclic and monocyclic compounds. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. In the stomach, gastric lipase starts to break down triacylglycerols into diglycerides and fatty acids. It only takes a minute to sign up. . of the pdf). Name it. The gaseous phase, While passing through the reactor, perturbs the liquid phase .or phases under conditions of my invention and thereby induces extreme turbulence in the liquid phase which is also passing through the tubular reactor to provide a greatly increased rate of molecular collisions within the liquid phase and also to greatly increase the interfacial area between the liquid and gaseous phases, allowing reactions to proceed rapidly. However, in order to facilitate handling of the fat, it normally is desirable to melt the fat in a suitable manner such as in a kettle. concentrations of 1M for all reactants except water which is taken at its characteristic concentration of 55M) the Gibbs free energy of ATP hydrolysis varies from -28 to -34 kJ/mol (i.e. /Font << endobj No attempt was made to isolate the glycerine. 3. In carrying out my invention, the gas phase can take several forms. II but utilizing the steam equivalent to grams of water per minute. In a process for the hydrolysis of fats and oils, forming the fat into a substantially liquid phase having a linear velocity ranging from 101 to 105 feet per hour, contacting the liquid phase with a gas phase containing water and having a linear velocity ranging from 103 to 106 feet per hour to perturb the liquid phase and to thereby induce extreme turbulence in the liquid phase and to cause ow of the gas and liquid phases in the slug and annular regions, and heating the liquid phase while it is being contacted by the gas phase to cause relatively rapid hydrolysis of the fat in the liquid phase.
