Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. 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One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. VAT reg no 816865400. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . King Philip of Spain sent an. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. Boston Spa, When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? Write a paragraph or two. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. Register for free, Home / August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). Doodle's Point of View 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. This meant atholics did not think . Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. Boston Spa, They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. First English colony in Virginia established. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. . The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. Use your outline Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). and reversing the religious settlement. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. 1. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. VAT reg no 816865400. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Norfolk was killed in 1572. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). Company Reg no: 04489574. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. Overview of Elizabeth I / The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347.
